Background: This study aimed to assess the impact of macular photocoagulation on Visual Field and nerve fiber layer thickness in patients undergoing treatment for diabetic macular edema. Material and Methods: A prospective interventional case series was conducted, involving 26 eyes of patients with a history of diabetes and clinically significant macular edema eligible for macular photocoagulation. All participants underwent 10-2 and 24-2 Humphrey Visual Field Test using the Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm (SITA) standard strategy, as well as optic nerve and macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) before and six months after macular laser photocoagulation. Changes in Visual Field, peripapillary, and macular nerve fiber layer thickness were compared pre-and post-photocoagulation. Results: The study included patients with a mean age of 57. 60 ±,8. 99 (range 33-73) years. No statistically significant changes were observed in mean deviation, pattern standard deviation, and foveal threshold during the 10-2 and 24-2 Visual Field tests after photocoagulation, except for the pattern standard deviation in the 10-2 test. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that macular laser photocoagulation does not have a significant impact on the Visual Field.

PRESENTATION A 78 year old patient presented to the glaucoma clinic due to the detection of narrow angles and elevated IOP. The corrected Visual acuity and intraocular pressure were 20/25 and 18 mm Hg in both eyes with two anti-glaucoma eye drops, respectively. The laser iridotomies were patent OU. Funduscopy showed a cup/ disc ratio of 0. 5 OU and her baseline optical coherence tomography was within normal limits in both eyes. The left eye Visual Field reliability indices were within normal limits, however her pattern deviation plot illustrated greater defects than her total deviation plot [Figure 1]. Closer evaluation of the raw data showed exceptionally high peripheral sensitivities compared to her central thresholds. Her Visual Field defects did not correspond with the exam and optical coherence tomography.

The knowledge related to the methodology of the Field trial study as a type of intervention studies, yet for many of our researchers is not fully understood. The aim of the current study was a better understanding of conducting this type of research. Field trial studies are done on healthy individuals and aim to prevent. These types of studies such as clinical trials are performed on both individual and collective levels. One type of these studies is Community Intervention Trial which is usually done on a large scale population. Field trial study should be carried out in stages, such as the formulation of hypotheses, selection of the population (reference population, study population, and sampling), measuring the baseline variables (before conducting preventive intervention), random allocation of subjects to intervention and control groups, doing interventions and measuring outcome. The methodology of Field trial studies is very similar to clinical trials. The difference is that Field trials are conducted on healthy individuals and aim to prevent and also the sample size required to this type of study is relatively more, and these studies are usually time consuming and costly.

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between contrast sensitivity and Visual Field defects in patients with glaucoma.Methods: 120 eyes of 60 patients with a diagnosis of primary open angle glaucoma and 40 (80 eyes) normal subjects whose Visual acuity was 20/40 or better and 30 -60 years old were included in this study. Visual Field analyzed according to the MD and PSD criteria of Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer and, contrast sensitivity was measured using the Freiburg Acuity and Contrast Test according to the Michelson and Weber criteria. Visual Fields of the patients were measured using the 24–2 full threshold program on the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer. Data analysis was performed for descriptive and analytical statistical methods.Results: According to the Michelson and Weber criteria, contrast sensitivity was reduced in glaucomatic patients. A significant correlation (r=-0.289, P<0.001) was found between the Visual Field mean deviations and contrast sensitivity scores (Michelson) and the correlation (r=-0.302, P<0.001) was found between Visual Field mean deviations and contrast sensitivity scores (Weber). The correlation (r=0.140, p=0.048) was less between the Visual Field pattern standard deviation and Michelson contrast, as was the correlation between the Visual Field pattern standard deviation and Weber contrast (r=0.158, p=0.027).Conclusion: For glaucomatous eyes with Visual acuity of 20/40 or better, a decrease in the contrast sensitivity correlates with increased Visual Field loss. We speculate that this decrease in contrast sensitivity in glaucoma patients may account for their complaints of poor vision despite normal or near normal Visual acuity. This correlation may serve to develop improved testing to monitor the status of our glaucoma patients prospectively.

Purpose: To evaluate Visual Field changes after trabeculectomy in patients with glaucoma.Methods: In this retrospective study, 166 eyes of 166 patients with glaucoma (mean age 53.3±17.9), who underwent mitomycin C augmented trabeculectomy, were examined. The patients needed to have at least 3 reliable Visual Field before the surgery and 2 after the surgery. The data of biomicroscopic examination, intraocular pressure, Visual Field, best corrected Visual acuity, and spherical correction of refractive error were extracted from their electronic data record. The results of this study showed changes in Visual filed mean deviation as the main outcome measure. Secondary outcome measure was intraocular pressure, Visual acuity, Visual Field pattern standard deviation, and Visual Field index.Results: The mean post-operative IOP (13±5 mmHg) significantly decreased from the baseline values (19±6 mmHg) (P<0.001). Best corrected Visual acuity significantly decreased from 0.1±0.25 at baseline to 0.23±0.36 LogMAR post-operatively (P<0.001). The mean of Visual Field mean deviation and pattern standard deviation increased from -6.68±7.36 to -9.14±7.96 dB and 5.19±3.50 to 6.11±3.74, respectively. The mean of Visual Field index was 82.62±21.88 preoperatively and decreased to 76.46±24.53 post-operatively.Conclusion: Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy that even persists after significant intraocular pressure reduction. This underlines the importance of examining the optic nerve and the Field of vision after surgery.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of various types of Visual Field defects in patients with open angle glaucoma at the time of diagnosis.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on patients who were referred to our glaucoma clinic. Open angle glaucoma was confirmed by intraocular pressure measurement, perimetry, fundoscopic examination and gonioscopy. The last perimetry of patients who had at least three reliable Visual Fields was selected for interpretation. Acceptable reliability indices were false negative and false positive error of less than 33% and fixation loss less than 20%. Patients with other ocular abnormalities were excluded. Based on mean deviation (MD), Visual Field defects were classified as mild (MD up to -6 db), moderate (MD between -6 to -12 db) and advanced (MD beyond -12 db). Results: We evaluated 308 eyes of 189 patients with mean age of 53.2±12.0 (range 13-79) years. The average MD was -12.3±9.0 (range -0.4 to -34.4 decibel). This average value was -10.7±9.2 in women and - 13.2±9.4 in men (P=0.02). Based on MD, 104 eyes (33.8%) had mild, 74 eyes (24.0%) had moderate and 130 eyes (42.2%) had advanced disease. Visual Field defects included generalized depression in 23 eyes (7.5%), superior Field defects in 102 eyes (33.1%), inferior Field defects in 75 eyes (24.3%) and combined defects in 91 eyes (29.5%). There was paracentral scotoma in 7 (2.3%) and central island in 3 (1.0%) eyes however, 7 eyes (2.3%) had no Visual Field defect. Arcuate scotoma (35.6%) was the most common form of localized Visual Field defects.Conclusion: Glaucoma was diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease in a large number of patients. This fact notifies the necessity of screening methods.

The Term Kitsch refers to repetitive, mimetic and accessible works that accompanies with features such as repetition of the familiar, diversity and imitation, the use of false emotions rather than reason, and having no idea. Nowadays the definitions of Kitsch are used in various artistic, literary, political and cultural Fields, and there are various approaches and multiplicity of ideas against it thus.The emergence of the term Kitsch, as an adjective refers to the weak art work with no aesthetics standards, has been developed over the years and penetrated into the most serious debates of art during the last century. Where creativity and new ideas have no place to attract attentions, Kitsch shows its influence and power so that the quantity is placed in the first row. This phenomenon, with little change in the surface, represents things that have been seen before and mainly reflects the art work that use the common vulgar or too well-known signs to attract the audience instantaneously. In other words, Kitsch tries to attract the audience in a straight and friendly way, and so it replaces comfort and sentimentalism instead of expressions of the humanistic rich concept or human deep meanings. In fact, when art expresses no message and focuses only on its general aspect is named Kitsch. Kitsch’s influence is so inclusive that as if it doesn’t exist, and it takes its influence and prevalence from this aspect.Kitsch has been emerged against the phenomenon of the avant-garde and is equivalent with characteristics such as machinism, urbanization, consumer society and mass plurality. So far, critics, authors and theorists such as “Milan Kundera”, “Clement Greenberg, ” “Pierre Bourdieu, ” “Hermann Broch, ” “John Fisher and etc. have defined and expand- A Study of Kitsch Approach in the Field of Visual . “Visual communication” includes a broad Field; and different types of its products in the forms of poster, book cover, billboard, logo, layout and etc. interact with the audience. In fact, Kitsch is present mostly in the public contexts of society.Kitsch’s influence and expansion in Visual communication and its effect on the audience and his Visual literacy are the main factors that really confirm studying and perusing its discourse in the Field of Visual communication. The present research considers this phenomenon as the most important and influential process by criticizing of the spread and prevalence of Kitsch and its examples in the area of Visual communication that is related to the public audience, so it requires studying and exploring. Because the epidemic influence of this phenomenon in the society is directly related to a decline of the public audiences’ Visual taste and their lack of familiarity with the quality of pure aesthetics. This study benefits from a descriptive method and uses the library documents to investigate and illustrate Kitsch and its reflections in various Fields of Visual communication.The results show this phenomenon leads to the production of Visual communication art works with features such as imitation, repetition, sense transference via repetition of familiar forms, reductive referring to the past and tradition, accumulation and explicit implication.